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Logical Reasoning
We think that we are all logical creatures, that we can attain truth by our logical reasoning, but historically, this has not been the case. Every scientific advance somehow “exemplifies the defective state of the art of reasoning of the time it was written.” (pg.62) Thus, we are not perfectly logical creatures, in fact, most of us are content with our beliefs without logical facts; and since we gain logical facts through experience, experience only serves to continuously frustrate our beliefs, hopes, and aspirations. This is our primary source of doubt. However, as human beings, we like to have encouraging and pleasing beliefs, so we undertake inquiry to eradicate this doubt. Peirce thinks that there are four essential methods for fixing our beliefs, and they are: 1. Method of Tenacity If all we need is a settled opinion, then why don't we just pick an answer that we like and just stick with it? This way of fixating belief is impossible, as we would have to live like hermits. Living in a social setting, our beliefs would be challenged by those that we interact with in our daily lives. 2. Method of Authority Once the state/church reaches a settled opinion, then let them teach that belief and have those who reject it be terrified into silence. This method has been much more successful than the method of tenacity historically. For most people, this is the method that they use to fix their beliefs, so long as they don't mind being intellectual slaves. However, the state/church cannot regulate every opinion, and of course people from other countries/cultures/religions who hold contrary beliefs may influence public opinion. 3. A Priori Method Since the two above methods are inadequate, why not have reason determine our beliefs? This method fails for several reasons. It fails because what our reason tells us to believe is not necessarily consistent with our experiences; in fact, experience only serves to defeat our beli... Please login to view comments from other users.
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